Clinostomum marginatum metacercaria: Incidence in Smallmouth Bass from a North Arkansas Stream and in vitro Oxygen Consumption Studies

Small mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) captured from Crooked Creek (Marion Co., Arkansas) in the summers of 1977 and 1987 were found to have a high incidence of infection with the metacercaria of Clinostomum marginatum (yellow grub). Of 41 fish collected in 1977, 32 (78%) were found infected with metacercariae with some fish containing large numbers of parasites. The number of larvae per fish ranged from 1 to 184, with an average of 23.2 ± 38 per smallmouth. Eighty-six percent of the bass collected in 1987 were found positive for C. marginatum. The number of metacercariae per fish ranged from 1 to 227 with an average of 32.7 ± 54 per fish. Fish from both collection groups ranged in size from 12 to 34 cm. No significant correlation could be found between the number of metacercariae per fish and the length of the host. Using metacercariae removed from host tissue, the effect on oxygen consumption by glucose, serotonin and insulin, singularly or in combination, was measured by manometric methods. Glucose alone did not stimulate oxygen utilization, serotonin alone and with glucose was stimulatory, and insulin with glucose also increased oxygen consumption

Provider-Sponsored Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems: Reducing Antitrust Liability After Maricopa

The phenomenal rate of inflation experienced by the health care industry in the past several years has been a substantial cause of concern for everyone affected-physicians, hospitals, insurers, employers and consumers. Public reaction to the tremendous increase in health care costs has created pressure on health care providers to compete on the basis of price and to deliver services more efficiently. The recent growth of alternative health care delivery systems (ADSs) has been a direct response to a number of problems created by increasing health care costs including increased competition in health care delivery, resistance by payors and consumers to spiraling costs, physician surpluses, an oversupply of hospital beds, and consumer demand for more convenient access to services

Regulation by Selective Enforcement: The SEC and Initial Coin Offerings

The Securities and Exchange Commission regulates the securities markets. However, Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) do not require the usual disclosure to the Securities and Exchange Commission when securities are sold to the public. Prior to ICOs, courts typically used the Supreme Court’s Howeytest to determine whether an investment is a security. The vagueness of this test resulted in the Securities and Exchange Commission using Regulation by Selective Enforcement. In selecting significant actions, the Securities and Exchange Commission has been able to publicize cases with facts favorable to treating ICOs as securities. Regulation by Selective Enforcement has successfully established the Security and Exchange Commission’s authority over ICOs. However, major legal issues still remain and by only sanctioning more recent ICOs, the early movers retain power. This Article concludes that although the Security and Exchange Commission has taken steps to regulate ICOs, it has yet to totally resolve when a token is a security

Amphibian Use of Constructed Ponds on Maryland\u27s Eastern Shore

Amphibian assemblages were sampled at nine constructed ponds (three in each age category: new ponds-age \u3c1 yr, young ponds-age 4-5 yr, old ponds-age \u3e30 yr) on Maryland\u27s eastern shore (May-October 1994, March-August 1995) using a total of 27 drift fence and funnel trap arrays. The importance of habitat and landscape variables including pond age was considered in explaining amphibian use and distribution across ponds. Specifically, amphibian (1) abundance; (2) composition; (3) diversity; (4) richness; and (5) reproductive success were studied. During both years, we captured 1904 individuals comprising ten species. The most frequently collected species (species found in all treatments) were Bufo fowleri, Rana sphenocephala utricularius, and Rana catesbeiana. Bufo fow/eri comprised the majority of the collections in 1994 and 1995, 60.6% and 49.4% respectively. Some species were only collected at new ponds (Hy/a chrysoscelis, H. cinerea), some only at young and old ponds (Acris crepitans, Rana clamitans), and some only at old ponds (Scaphiopus holbrookii, Ambystoma opacum). Despite these differences in composition, no statistically significant differences in reproductive success or numbers collected were found across treatments. Brillouin diversity indices indicated amphibian diversity was greatest at young ponds in both years. Results suggest that, in the ponds studied, pond age affects amphibian composition, richness, and diversity but is not particularly useful in predicting reproductive success or the sizes of amphibian collections. However, because canonical correspondence analysis showed age to be a relatively important variable, it should not be discounted. Species-specific habitat requirements, regional abundance, and pond placement in the landscape (e.g., next to agriculture) appear to be more important in explaining amphibian use of constructed ponds

Productivity of Florida Springs: Second annual report to Biology Branch, Office of Naval Research progress from January 1 to December 31, 1954

Production measurements at different times of the year indicate a linear relationship of light intensity and overall production at about 8% of the visible light energy reaching plant level. Measurements of a coral reef at Eniwetok indicate 6%. Further evidence of breeding at all seasons but with a quantitative pulse in the seasons of maximum light indicates that the seasonal fluctuation in primary production is routed through reproduction rather than through major changes in populations. The succession of plants and anmals of the aufwuchs has been shown with glass slides and counts from Sagittaria blades. Losss of oxygen bubbles during the day and emergence of aquatic insects at night have been measured with funnels. Bell jar measurements are reported for bacterial metabolism on mud surfaces. pH determined CO2 uptake agrees with titration determinations. A few rough estimates of herbivore production have been made from caged snails, aufwuchs succession, and fish tagging. Nitrate uptake a night by aufwuchs communities has been confirmed in a circulating microcosm experiment as well as in bell jars in the springs. Distributions of oxygen and organisms have been used to criticize the saprobe stream classification system. Theoretical consideration of maximum photosynthetic rates in teh literature data indicates logarithmic rate variation inversely with organismal size just as for respiratory metabolism. Extreme pyramid shapes are thus shown for communities in which organismal size decreases up the food chain and for other communities with the same energy influx but with organismal size increasing up the food chain. Literature data is used to further demonstrate the validity of the optimum efficiency-maximum power principle for photosynthesis. Work on plants by Dr. Delle Natelson indicates essential stability of aquatic plant communities after 3 years and about 10-20% reproducibility in previous biomass estimates by Davis. Work on an animal picture of the fishery characteristics by Caldwell, Barry, and Odum is half completed. The study of aquatic insects in relationship to spring gradients by W.C. Sloan has been completed an an M.S. thesis. J. Yount has begun a study of affect of total productivity on community composition using aufwuchs organisms on glass slides placed in different current and light conditions in Silver Springs. (49pp.